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Functions

Introduction to functions

Let's begin with language functions. These are like the tools in your language toolbox that help you communicate effectively. Imagine you're at a café, and you want to order a coffee. That's a language function – making requests! Understanding language functions helps you learn phrases and structures specific to each task. As you progress, you’ll master increasingly subtle functional demands.

Okay, let's explore some language functions. Imagine you're in a group project, and you need to agree with someone's idea. You'd say, 'I agree with you.' That's the 'agreeing' function. Can you think of other situations where we use this function? Here are some examples. 

    You're at a café. One of you is the customer, and the other is the waiter.
    Use the 'making requests' function to order food.

    You are planning a trip with your friend. Discuss your preferences for the trip.
    Use the 'expressing opinions' function.

    One of you lost a wallet. The other needs to ask questions to find out details.
    Use the 'seeking information' function.

    You’re visiting an art gallery with a friend. As you admire the paintings, you discuss their meanings and artistic techniques.
    Use the 'asking for information' function.

    You’re getting ready for a job interview. Your roommate helps you practice answering common interview questions.
    Use the 'giving instruction' function.

    You’re part of a mystery book club. Everyone gathers to discuss the latest thriller they’ve read.
    Use the 'contrasting ideas' function.

    function types

    Personal functions

    Think about how you address your friends versus your professors.

            - Why is it important to adapt our language based on the situation?

            - Have you ever felt uncomfortable because you used the wrong level of formality?

    Personal functions involve expressing feelings, opinions, and experiences. It's like sharing a piece of ourselves through language.

    Discuss how these sentences facilitate expressing personal feelings.

    Expressing likes/dislikes: "I enjoy playing the guitar."

    Sharing experiences: "When I visited Paris, I fell in love with the Eiffel Tower."

    Giving opinions: "To be honest, I think the new policy is ineffective."


    Interpersonal functions

    Interpersonal functions involve using language to establish and maintain social relationships. It's like the glue that binds us together in conversations.


            - How do you greet someone when you meet them for the first time?
            - What phrases do you use to express gratitude?
            - Have you ever had to apologize to someone? How did you do it?

    Discuss how these sentences facilitate social connections.

    Asking about well-being: "How are you feeling today?"

    Expressing gratitude: "Thank you for your help."

    Apologizing*: "I'm sorry for being late."



    Directive functions

    These functions involve giving instructions, making requests, and offering advice. It's like being the guide in a conversation.


            - How do you politely ask someone for help?

            - What phrases do you use when setting rules or giving directions?

            - Have you ever received advice from someone? How did they phrase it?


    Discuss how these sentences convey specific intentions.

    Asking for help:"Can you proofread my essay?"

    Setting rules:"Remember to submit your assignments by Friday."

    Giving warnings:"Be careful; the floor is slippery."



    Referential Functions

    These functions involve using language to convey facts, information, or knowledge about the world. It's like being a linguistic tour guide!

            - How do you describe a famous landmark to someone who has never seen it?

            - What phrases do you use when explaining a process or giving directions?

            - Have you ever had to report factual information in a conversation?

    Discuss how these sentences convey factual information.

    Reporting statistics:"According to the latest survey, 80% of people prefer tea over coffee."

    Describing a historical event:"The Industrial Revolution transformed manufacturing processes."

    Explaining a scientific concept: "Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy."



    Imaginative Functions

    These functions allow us to use language creatively, express ideas, and engage in imaginative activities. It's like unlocking the door to our linguistic imagination!


            - How do you feel when you read a beautifully written poem?

            - What creative activities do you enjoy?

            - Have you ever used metaphors or similes in your writing?

    Discuss how these figurative expressions enhance communication.


    Metaphor:"Her smile was a ray of sunshine."

    Simile: "His laughter echoed like thunder."

    Personification:"The wind whispered secrets through the leaves."



    functions: A Revision Activity

    Identify the function behind each utterance in the following dialogue. Discuss the meanings conveyed or implied and determine its type.

    Person A (Lost Wallet)(looking distressed) Oh no, I can’t find my wallet! I had it just a while ago.

    Person B (Helpful Friend): Don’t worry! Let’s figure this out. First, take a deep breath. Panicking won’t help. Now, can you remember any details from when you last saw your wallet?

    Person A: Well, I was at the coffee shop earlier. I remember wearing my blue jeans and listening to music on my headphones.

    Person B: Great! Let’s retrace your steps. Did you leave the coffee shop directly after that, or did you stop somewhere else?

    Person A: Hmm, I think I went to the grocery store afterward. Maybe I left it there?

    Person B: Good lead! Now, think about any distractions. Did anything unusual happen during your routine? Maybe you changed clothes or took a different car?

    Person A: Actually, I did change clothes before heading to the grocery store. I switched from jeans to shorts.

    Person B: Got it. Let’s check the usual spots first—your dresser, desk drawer, and any other places where you’ve accidentally left your wallet before. Also, consider “weird” out-of-character places where you might have left it due to distractions.

    Person A: I’ll check those places. Thanks for helping!